TOMATO

Sundried and tomato pastes are especially high in lycopene, the most studied active ingredient. Absorption is improved in the presence of olive oil. The supplement form of lycopene has shown benefits for blood pressure management. Other metabolic health benefits including micro-biome related actions are strongest with concentrated functional foods. In clinical trials, lycopene demonstrates benefits for metabolic health including cholesterol and glucose control. One meta-analysis concludes does >25mg daily are needed for cholesterol control while 30mg is used in a recent trial with chemotherapy for advanced prostate cancer.

Significant pre-clinical evidence has led to various clinical studies into lycopene, particularly for prostate cancer. This research has mixed evidence on the direct effects from tomato based lycopene dietary regimes, some of which are done with other functional foods. Where tomato extracts shine is in vascular health, reduction of platelet aggregation and activation. Commerical brand products including FruitFlow, combining tomato extract with omega 3, has particularly consistent evidence. Some studies include chlorogenic acid as one active compound (see coffee/ green coffee extract)

In summary, lycopene may impart benefits of it own, whilst most clear are the reductions in vascular inflammation and platelet aggregation known to increase metastatic activity of cancer.

ANTI-METASTATIC ACTIONS ->

EXAMPLES OF IMPROVED OUTCOMES

PRE-DIAGNOSIS OR PREVENTION

Highlighted Studies

The combination of docetaxel with lycopene led to improved PSA response rate and tolerability in patients with advanced castrate resistant prostate cancer. Docetaxel plus lycopene merits further research in this patient population…The PSA response rate was 76.9%, comprising of ten PSA responses. Two patients had a best response of stable disease, yielding a disease control rate of 92% . Median time to PSA progression was 8 month. Median duration of response was 7.3 months

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High intake of tomatoes and tomato products, which accounted for 82% of lycopene, reduced risk of total prostate cancer by 35% and aggressive prostate cancer by 53%. Tomato sauce had the strongest inverse association with prostate cancer risk (RR = 0.66), and weaker inverse associations were observed with tomatoes and pizza, but none with tomato juice. Preliminary results from two other cohort studies also support this finding

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WTE [liquid dietary tomato] supplementation for 4 weeks could moderately reduce platelet activation, aggregation, and granule secretion ..WTE contains three main active ingredients, namely, nucleoside derivatives, phenolic conjugates, and flavonoid derivatives; the most representative among the three components are adenosine, chlorogenic acid, and rutin ..In general, nucleoside, polyphenols, and flavonoid provided platelet protection and improved platelet activation, adhesion and aggregation<...

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Significant reductions in ex vivo platelet aggregation induced by ADP and collagen were observed 3 h after supplementation with doses of tomato extract equivalent to 6 (6TE) and 2 (2TE) tomatoes, −21.3%; 2TE (low dose), −12.7%; , −7.8%, 2TE, −7.6%. A dose response to tomato extract was found at low levels of platelet stimulation. Inhibition of platelet function was greatest in a subgroup with the highest plasma homocysteine and C-reactive protein concentrations

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TABLE OF REFERENCES

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https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.2021.39.6_suppl.77The combination of docetaxel with lycopene led to improved PSA response rate and tolerability in patients with advanced castrate resistant prostate cancer. Docetaxel plus lycopene merits further research in this patient populationThe PSA response rate was 76.9%, comprising of ten PSA responses. Two patients had a best response of stable disease, yielding a disease control rate of 92% . Median time to PSA progression was 8 month. Median duration of response was 7.3 months
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1756464622003851Human studyThe present study showed that fruitflow intervention for 7 days attenuated platelet aggregation response induced by ADP or collagen, and decreased the plasma TXB2, 6-keto-PGF1α, and PF4 levels compared with placebo. This suggested that the effect may be associated with reduction of platelet activity by fruitflow. In addition, our results didn't show a synergistic effect of fruitflow and aspirin on inhibiting platelet aggregation response and coagulation function. Taking together, fruitflow has the effect of inhibiting platelet function, suggesting that it has a certain protective effect on people with platelet hyperactivity.Our study firstly provided evidence that fruitflow treatment for 7 days can decrease the platelet aggregation response and reduce the production of TXB2, 6-keto-PGF1α and PF4 in the plasma of subjects. Moreover, we recently reported in vitro studies in which fruitflow inhibits platelet function, showing that fruitflow can alter profile of proteomics and phosphorylated protein in collagen-activated platelets. Fruitflow recovered cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels in collagen-activated platelets and reduced the phosphorylation of protein kinase A substrate and heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) that was induced by collagen
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2018.00521/fullMeta-analysis, Human studyThe present review supports the importance of lycopene in improving vascular function and in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disorders. The demonstrated effects of lycopene in view of cardiovascular health comprise its general antioxidant and anti-inflammatory abilities, the antiplatelet, anti-apoptotic and antihypertensive properties, the ability to improve endothelial function, the metabolic profile and ventricular remodeling, reduction of arterial stiffness as well as reduction of size of atherosclerotic plaque. Lycopene exerts favorable effects in patients with subclinical atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, peripheral vascular disease, and several other cardiovascular disorders, but sometimes conflicting results were obtainedA study including 8,556 adult overweight and obese participants demonstrated association of lycopene and lycopene/uric acid ratio with lower prevalence of hypertension (Han and Liu, 2017). Paran et al. reported a decrease in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure in 54 patients with moderate hypertension, treated with ACE inhibitors or calcium channel blockers, after 6 weeks of tomato extract supplementation, suggesting a cause-effect relationship (Paran et al., 2009). Li et al. concluded, in a metanalysis, that lycopene supplementation (more than 12 mg/day) might significantly reduce systolic, but not diastolic blood pressure, in prehypertensive or hypertensive patients
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002916523290565?via%3DihubHuman studyIn summary, the current study showed that consumption of antiplatelet components derived from the tomato, in a supplement drink format suitable for use as a dietary supplement or functional food, led to a significant reduction in ex vivo platelet aggregation after 3 h. The observed acute effects were more wide-ranging than those of aspirin, the only drug widely studied as a potential prophylactic, in that more than one pathway of platelet aggregation is targeted. Persons with high concentrations of some known markers of CVD showed greater sensitivity to supplementationSignificant reductions in ex vivo platelet aggregation induced by ADP and collagen were observed 3 h after supplementation with doses of tomato extract equivalent to 6 (6TE) and 2 (2TE) tomatoes [3 μmol ADP/L: 6TE (high dose), −21.3%; 2TE (low dose), −12.7%; P < 0.001; 7.5 μmol ADP/L: 6TE, −7.8%, 2TE, −7.6%; P < 0.001; 3 mg collagen/L: 6TE, −17.5%; 2TE, −14.6%; P = 0.007]. No significant effects were observed for control supplements. A dose response to tomato extract was found at low levels of platelet stimulation. Inhibition of platelet function was greatest in a subgroup with the highest plasma homocysteine (P < 0.05) and C-reactive protein concentrations (P < 0.001).
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2022.891241/fullIn summary, 150 mg WTE per day for 4-week supplementation can significantly inhibit platelet activation, aggregation, and granule secretion in Chinese healthy middle-aged and older individuals, and the effect of 4-week WTE is safe. After 2-week washout period, the inhibitory effect of 4-week WTE supplementation on platelet function can be eliminated. This study provides novel evidence to support the importance of WTE as a protective food supplementary for early prevention of CVDCompared with the placebo group, 150 mg/day WTE supplement for 4 weeks significantly reduced ADP-induced or collagen-induced platelet aggregation (−10.8%), ADP-induced or collagen-induced platelet P-selectin expression (−6.9%), ADP-induced or collagen-induced activated GPIIbIIIa (−6.2%). Besides, 4-week intervention of 150 mg WTE per day also resulted in significant reductions in plasma PF4 (−120.6ng/mL) and β-TG (−129.7ng/mL ) and TXB2 (−42.0ng/ml),
https://bmcnutr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40795-021-00485-5Human studyOur study found that, when compared to the current standard 150 mg daily intake of Fruitflow®, intakes of 75 mg and 300 mg gave equivalent results in terms of both platelet aggregation reduction and TGC reduction, with average ranges of response from 12 to 18% for reduction of ADP-mediated aggregation, and from 15 to 20% for TGC. The control and the 30 mg supplements were not equivalent to the 150 mg dose, with neither causing a significant change from baseline aggregation. Thus, doses of Fruitflow® from 75 mg – 300 mg affected platelet function equivalently in this group of subjectsResults showed that the changes from baseline aggregation and thrombin generation observed after the 75 mg, 150 mg, and 300 mg supplements were equivalent. Aggregation was reduced from baseline by − 12.9 ± 17.7%, − 12.0 ± 13.9% and − 17.7 ± 15.7% respectively, while thrombin generation capacity fell by − 8.6 ± 4.1%, − 9.2 ± 3.1% and − 11.3 ± 2.3% respectively. Effects observed for 0 mg and 30 mg supplements were non-equivalent to 150 mg and not different from baseline (aggregation changed by 3.0 ± 5.0% and − 0.7 ± 10.2% respectively, while thrombin generation changed by 0.8 ± 3.0% and 0.8 ± 3.1% respectively
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-nutrition/article/tomato-juice-decreases-ldl-cholesterol-levels-and-increases-ldl-resistance-to-oxidation/1E5A0F47459966217E87BF31902773F7Human study we found that high daily dietary intake of tomato juice and ketchup significantly reduced LDL cholesterol levels in healthy normocholesterolaemic adults. Also, the ability of LDL particles to resist copper-induced formation of oxidized phospholipids increased. These atheroprotective features were well associated with the changes observed in serum lycopene, β-carotene and γ-carotene levels. The present study also raises a new question whether hypercholesterolaemic subjects would also benefit from the lipid-lowering properties of increased dietary intake of tomato products? Considering that tomato products are low in cost and rarely cause severe side-effects, the present data suggest that controlled large clinical and dietary interventions, as well as mechanistic studies, using tomato products are needed The changes in total and LDL cholesterol concentrations correlated significantly with the changes in serum lycopene (r 0·56, P = 0·009; r 0·60, P = 0·004, total and LDL, respectively), β-carotene (r 0·58, P = 0·005; r 0·70, P < 0·001) and γ-carotene concentrations (r 0·64, P = 0·002; r 0·64, P = 0·002). The level of circulating LDL to resist formation of oxidized phospholipids increased 13 % (P = 0·02) in response to the high tomato diet. In conclusion, a high dietary intake of tomato products had atheroprotective effects, it significantly reduced LDL cholesterol levels, and increased LDL resistance to oxidation in healthy normocholesterolaemic adults. These atheroprotective features associated with changes in serum lycopene, β-carotene and γ-carotene levels
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/12/7/1458Human studyIn the group consuming olive oil-lycopene, significant increases (p < 0.05) in the levels of plasma lycopene concentration (0.146 ± 0.03 versus 0.202 ± 0.04 (µmol/L)), α-carotene (0.166 ± 0.064 versus 0.238 ± 0.07) and in β-carotene (0.493 ± 0.187 versus 0.713 ± 0.221) were observed. These results are linked with the increases of plasma antioxidants and decreases biomarkers of oxidative stress (carbonyl groups, malondialdehyde and 8-hydroxy-deoxiguanosine) observed in hypercholesterolemic group. In relation to lipid profile, a significant decrease was observed in the levels of ox-LDL (781 ± 302 versus 494 ± 200), remaining unchanged the levels of TG, cholesterol, HDL and LDL-c. Regarding inflammatory biomarkers, the levels of CRP and IL-6 decreased significantly. The positive results obtained in this study support the use of olive oil enriched with lycopene to reduce the risk of coronary disease.All plasma biomarkers of oxidative stress, including MDA, GC, and 8OHdG, significantly decreased after one month of lycopene-oil intake (Figure 3). In the control group consuming only olive oil, a significant decrease was also observed, but the values were quantitatively lower compared to the lycopene-olive oil group. The lower MDA levels observed in the lycopene-olive oil group support findings from other studies showing that lycopene can reduce lipid peroxidation [39]. Notably, there was a substantial reduction in oxidative DNA damage, as evidenced by the 8-OHdG levels in hypercholesterolemic patients after one month of lycopene-olive oil intake (27.2% reduction). The DNA protection provided by lycopene is well-documented and is reflected in its ability to defend against DNA damage resulting from reactive oxygen species (ROS) aggression
https://academic.oup.com/jnci/article/91/4/317/2543924Meta-analysisAmong 72 studies identified, 57 reported inverse associations between tomato intake or blood lycopene level and the risk of cancer at a defined anatomic site; 35 of these inverse associations were statistically significant. No study indicated that higher tomato consumption or blood lycopene level statistically significantly increased the risk of cancer at any of the investigated sites. About half of the relative risks for comparisons of high with low intakes or levels for tomatoes or lycopene were approximately 0.6 or lower. The evidence for a benefit was strongest for cancers of the prostate, lung, and stomach. Data were also suggestive of a benefit for cancers of the pancreas, colon and rectum, esophagus, oral cavity, breast, and cervix.Intake of tomatoes and tomato-based products and plasma levels of lycopene, a carotenoid found predominantly in tomatoes, have been relatively consistently associated with a lower risk of a variety of cancers. Evidence is strongest for cancers of the lung, stomach, and prostate gland and is suggestive for cancers of the cervix, breast, oral cavity, pancreas, colorectum, and esophagus. A large body of evidence also indicates that other fruits and vegetables may have additional or complementary benefits ( 3 - 5 ). The likelihood that the associations between increased consumption of tomato and tomato-based products and lower risk for several cancer sites are causal is supported by the consistency of evidence by study design

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