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Most studied is colorectal cancer often reporting relative risk reductions in progression rates. Some higher responders are identified in recently published Nordic multi-site ALASCCA clinical trials. Here, the 37% of patients with alterations to so called PI3K pathway signaling saw the substantial benefits (see References). Dysregulated PI3K is common, and similar levels are seen in breast, cervical, gastric and other cancers. Meta-analysis of patient records across breast, prostate, lung cancers see tendency to positive effects in the 9-12%. Kidney cancer patients also see 9%, (19% when supporting mTOR inhibitors) In lower numbers of case controlled analyses, promising responses are reported for ovarian and bladder cancers, and quite striking improved survival in gliomas, melanoma, head and neck cancers – even leukemia.
Over 30 clinical trials are ongoing, alongside chemotherapy, tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immunotherapies. Mainly in colorectal and gastric cancer, with some in prostate, breast and ovarian cancer. Only statins have more investment and focus with >50 trials. Analysis of overall patient drug regimes during immunotherapy treatments, such as pembrolizumab, show that those taking aspirin – but not other anti-coagulants – had significantly higher response rates and lower risk levels. Statins, in particular, were the other main category showing benefits , while drugs others such as metformin or diprydamole do not. Aspirin can also improve cholesterol reducing effects of statins. Other studies point to side effects increasing with aspirin use during immunotherapy, important to be aware of.
Aspirin has well proven anti-metastatic activity including suppression of the “clotting” enzyme thromboxane brings down excess levels of platelets seen in metastasis of digestive tract, breast, lung and other cancers. Especially important in post-surgery setting and subject of a sub-study in ongoing ADD-ASPIRIN clinical trial. Some large scale studies show a remarkable association of aspirin to reduce cancer spread, leading to improved progression free survival for instance(Highlight4). There are studies showing synergies with statins. (Click the icon below for further references)
Pre-existing inflammatory conditions indicate likely response and more clear benefit from post-diagnostic use. An example here can be found in prostate cancer trials where improved outcomes are found in patients taking low dose aspirin for cardiovascular risk. Also a recent publications in Nature Journal summarizing the overall science emphatically. (see References)
In prevention a 2024 UK meta-analysis sees nine cancer types with significantly lower incidence for those diagnosed with one or more systemic inflammatory diseases. Meaning metabolic (diabetes etc), autoimmune (rheumatic, digestive, skin), cardiovascular, neuro-degenerative and more. Those combining aspirin and statin use in that group, saw several more risk reduction effects including breast, liver kidney and ovarian cancer. Aspirin is a well known inhibitor of so called COX enzymes which feature heavily in both inflammatory disease and progress of cancers.
For otherwise healthy individuals, there was no overall risk reduction is found for low dose aspirin. However, medium to higher dose users over 100mg daily saw slightly increased risk in a few cancers, notably multiple myeloma. Regular or full dose aspirin use can raise risk, for instance prostate cancer. Large population studies also comment on the risk of bleeding, especially in older patient groups. For low doses, the effects are small but as always – always seek qualified medical advice. At least one analysis shows increased risks in some cancer incidence in older patient groups (see concerns)
Three literature searches identified 118 published observational studies in patients with 18 different cancers. Eighty-one studies report on aspirin and cancer mortality and 63 studies report on all-cause mortality. Within a total of about a quarter of a million patients with cancer who reported taking aspirin, representing 20%–25% of the total cohort, we found aspirin to be associated with a reduction of about 20% in cancer deaths …with similar reductions in all-cause mortality…...
..twenty-nine observational studies describing colorectal cancer and post-diagnostic aspirin…overall HR [hazard ratio] for aspirin and CRC mortality 0.72. Fourteen observational studies have reported on aspirin and breast cancer ..hazard ratio gives HR 0.69. Sixteen studies report on aspirin and prostate cancer mortality and a pooled estimate yields an HR of 0.87. Ten studies give evidence of a reduction in metastatic spread; four give a pooled HR 0.31….. Aspirin was reported to ...
Multivariable regression [across nearly 140,000 cases] analysis demonstrated that aspirin use at least 3 times/week was associated with increased survival among patients with bladder HR [hazard ratio], 0.67; and breast HR, 0.75; cancers but not among those with esophageal, gastric, pancreatic, or uterine cancer….we observed a significant association between aspirin use and bladder and breast cancer survival. Although aspirin use at least 3 times/week was associated with the strongest ...
A combined examination of the mutational status in the [Colorectcal cancer] KRAS and PIK3CA genes revealed clear differences in the absolute 10-year survival rates among patients who regularly used aspirin ..but less differences among patients without regular aspirin use…a significant overall survival benefit for patients with combined wild-type PIK3CA and mutated-KRAS tumors was observed (HR = 0.38) [Haxard Ratio] This survival advantage was not...
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| URL | Rating | Category | Highlight | Highlight 2 | Visuals (click) | Dose mg/kg |
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| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8426031/ | 5 | Meta-analysis, Human study | Within a total of about a quarter of a million patients with cancer who reported taking aspirin, representing 20%–25% of the total cohort, we found aspirin to be associated with a reduction of about 20% in cancer deaths ... with similar reductions in all-cause mortality.... The relative safety of aspirin taking was examined in the studies and the corresponding author of every paper was written to asking for additional information on bleeding. As expected, the frequency of bleeding increased in the patients taking aspirin, but fatal bleeding was rare | There is a considerable body of evidence suggestive of about a 20% reduction in mortality in patients with cancer who take aspirin, and the benefit appears not to be restricted to one or a few cancers. Aspirin, therefore, appears to deserve serious consideration as an adjuvant treatment of cancer, and patients with cancer, and their carers, have a right to be informed of the available evidence. | ||
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8507980/ | 5 | Meta-analysis | In a retrospective study, we obtained KRAS and PIK3CA mutational status in a cohort of 153 patients with a first diagnosis of colorectal cancer receiving tumor surgery with curative intent. Clinicopathological data and survival data were assessed using patient records and reporting registers. We observed a significant 10-year overall survival benefit in patients with aspirin use and combined wild-type PIK3CA and mutated-KRAS tumors (HR = 0.38; 95% CI = 0.17–0.87; p = 0.02). Our data indicated a benefit of aspirin usage particularly for patients with combined wild-type PIK3CA and mutated-KRAS tumor characteristics. | This was a unicentric German study, and thus may be biased by single-center experience. Recent data indicated a distinct treatment response to chemotherapy particular in German versus non-German patients with rectal adenocarcinoma [36]. Our data from an unicenter German patient cohort may therefore not be representative for patients from other countries, and warrant further exploration in a prospective study. Taken together, these data suggest that the shared consideration of both the PIK3CA and KRAS mutational status could play an important role. These data must be confirmed in larger prospective clinical trials. This is especially critical, as some clinical trials recruit colorectal cancer patients into aspirin trials only in case the tumors harbor PIK3CA mutations |  | |
| https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.2009.22.7918 | 5 | Meta-analysis | Aspirin use was associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer mortality. The adjusted relative risks (RRs) for 1, 2 to 5, and 6 to 7 days of aspirin use per week compared with no use were 1.07 , 0.29 , and 0.36 , respectively ... This association did not differ appreciably by stage, menopausal status, body mass index, or estrogen receptor status. Results were similar for distant recurrence. The adjusted RRs were 0.91 , 0.40 , and 0.57 for 1, 2 to 5, and 6 to 7 days of aspirin use, respectively. | Of several large prospective studies of the association of aspirin use with breast cancer incidence, only one found a protective association,16 whereas four others did not...The 10-year Women's Health Study Trial found no effect of low-dose aspirin intake (100 mg every other day) on breast cancer incidence among almost 40,000 women. However, meta-analyses of either NSAID or aspirin use have found a 9% to 30% reduced risk of breast cancer incidence | ||
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6155524/ | 5 | Meta-analysis | ... twenty-nine observational studies describing colorectal cancer and post-diagnostic aspirin. Pooling the estimates of reduction by aspirin which are reported as hazard ratios (HR), gives an overall HR for aspirin and CRC mortality 0.72 . Fourteen observational studies have reported on aspirin and breast cancer mortality and pooling those that report the association with aspirin as a hazard ratio gives HR 0.69 Sixteen studies report on aspirin and prostate cancer mortality and a pooled estimate yields an HR of 0.87 | In the meantime, observational evidence is the main basis for decisions on the use of aspirin as an additional treatment of cancer. There is much favourable evidence on the three main cancers, but very little on the less common cancers, though what is available is, on the whole, encouraging. Because of the various uncertainties, the adequate informing of patients of the benefits and the harm is difficult, but it is important that shared decision making is not compromised by ‘intrusive external decisions’ | ||
| https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/15/1/44 | 5 | Meta-analysis | Post-diagnostic aspirin use was not significantly associated with DFS (HR: 0.88) or OS [all cause mortality] (HR: 0.89). However, a significant reduction in breast cancer-specific mortality was observed (HR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.63–0.93). TSA confirmed that the evidence supporting this association is sufficient. Conclusions: Post-diagnostic aspirin use significantly reduces breast cancer-specific mortality | revious studies have demonstrated stronger associations between NSAID use and reduced breast cancer-specific mortality in ER-positive patients [46]. This effect has been hypothesized to stem from aspirin’s ability to reduce serum estrogen levels, thereby inhibiting estrogen-responsive tumor growth [47]. However, our meta-regression analysis did not reveal significant associations between hormone receptor status and survival outcomes, and the coefficients showed inconsistent trends across variables. | ||
| https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9114035/ | 5 | Meta-analysis | We included 27 studies in our meta-analysis. There was a sample size of 237,245 patients overall. Aspirin use after diagnosis was associated with an improvement in CRC-specific survival with a hazard ratio (HR) for cancer-related death of 0.74.. Our analysis of overall survival data revealed reduced mortality with an HR of 0.82 | Aspirin can improve the outcome of patients with CRC. PIK3CA mutation status and high expression of PTGS2 are associated with longer survival. However, randomised controlled trials are needed to investigate postdiagnosis aspirin use in CRC patients taking into account cancer stage and gene expression. | ||
| https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10769789/ | 5 | Meta-analysis | The risk estimate for breast-cancer-specific mortality also becomes significant when Fraser et al.’s paper is removed, albeit only barely (HR 0.91). Meta-analysis of additional data contained within 3 studies showed that patients who took less than 1 dose of aspirin per day had a similar likelihood of dying of breast cancer as those who took more than 1 dose of aspirin per day (HR = 0.90,1 daily dose) | Our study also found that post-diagnostic aspirin use was not significantly associated with all-cause mortality or recurrence, but that post-diagnostic aspirin use appeared to be somewhat associated with breast cancer mortality. There are multiple potential mechanisms for this association. One hypothesis is that aspirin’s inhibition of COX-2 leads to a beneficial effect, given that COX-2 overexpression has been linked to worse overall survival2 in breast cancer. | ||
| https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6401240/ | 5 | Human study - adjunct | Aspirin use was not associated with prostate cancer incidence. However, aspirin use was inversely associated with prostate cancer mortality (HR: 0.59, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.36–0.96). This association was consistent among white and black men and appeared restricted to men using aspirin daily and/or for cardiovascular disease prevention. Aspirin use was inversely associated with case-fatality (HR: 0.45, 95% CI: 0.22–0.94). NA-NSAID use was not associated with these endpoints. | The magnitude of the association for aspirin and prostate cancer mortality was large, with current aspirin users exhibiting a 41% reduced risk relative to non-users. Results were similar for incident lethal prostate cancer (Supplemental Table 1). These results are consistent with previous observational studies of lethal prostate cancer: in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, the HR for lethal prostate cancer comparing current aspirin use to non-use was 0.84 , and in the Physicians’ Health Study... | ||
| https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7646355/ | 5 | Meta-analysis, Human study - adjunct | ...recieving anticoagulants, were confirmed to have a significantly higher risk of disease progression. On the contrary, patients who assumed aspirin were confirmed to have a significantly lower risk of disease progression (HR 0.79 ) [ hazard ratio] | Also baseline statins (HR 1.60).., aspirin (HR 1.47) and β-blockers (HR 1.76)..were confirmed to be independently related to an increased ORR [ increased response rates to immunotherapies] | ||
| https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00432-022-03942-1 | 5 | Meta-analysis | We found an improvement of CRC-specific survival .. with a hazard ratio (HR) for cancer-related death of 0.74 We did not find publication bias ... Our analysis of overall survival in the postdiagnosis aspirin use group revealed a lower mortality rate, based on an [hazard ratio] HR of 0.82 | The analysis of overall survival regarding PIK3CA gene expression favours mutated tumours. In contrast, patients with wild-type PIK3CA status did not profit from postdiagnosis aspirin use. Additionally, PTGS2 (COX-2) status seems to be another important factor of the patient’s outcome. High expression of PTGS2 is associated with better overall survival than lower expression. For prediagnosis aspirin use, we calculated the same HR for both CRC-specific survival and overall survival. | ||
| https://bmcsurg.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12893-021-01083-9 | 5 | Human study | Aspirin intake proved to be independently associated with improved mean overall survival (OS) (46.5 vs. 24.6 months, *p = 0.006), median disease-free survival (DFS) (26 vs. 10.5 months, *p = 0.001) and mean hematogenous metastasis-free survival (HMFS) (41.9 vs. 16.3 months, *p = 0.005). Three-year survival rates were 61.1% in patients with aspirin intake vs. 26.3% in patients without aspirin intake. Multivariate cox regression showed significant independent association of aspirin with all three survival endpoints with hazard ratios of 0.36 for OS, 0.32 for DFS (**p = 0.001), and 0.36 for HMFS [metastasis free survival]. | Patients in our retrospective, propensity-score matched study showed significantly better overall survival when taking aspirin while undergoing curative surgery for pancreatic cancer. This was mainly due to a prolonged metastasis-free interval following surgery. |  | |
| https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2848289/ | 5 | Meta-analysis, Human study - adjunct | For the entire cohort, the overall 5-year survival was 88% for those participants who used aspirin compared with 83% for those who did not. The corresponding 10-year survival rates were 74% and 69%. Regular use of aspirin after diagnosis was associated with a significant reduction in risk of colorectal cancer–specific mortality and a reduction in overall mortality . The relationship remained largely unchanged even after adjusting for use of aspirin before diagnosis as well as other predictors of cancer recurrence | Compared with nonusers, the multivariate HR associated with regular aspirin use after diagnosis was 0.71 (95% CI, 0.53-0.95) for colorectal cancer–specific mortality and 0.79 (95% CI, 0.65-0.97) for overall mortality. Because the prognosis among stage I participants is generally favorable, we also examined the influence of aspirin use among those diagnosed with stage II or III disease and observed similar results (multivariate HR, 0.72) for colorectal cancer–specific mortality and multivariate HR, 0.82) for overall mortality). |  | |
| https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.2025.43.4_suppl.LBA125 | 5 | Human study - adjunct | Primary endpoint was met. Adjuvant treatment with 160 mg aspirin daily for three years reduced recurrence rate in CRC patients with somatic alterations in the PI3K signaling pathway. These findings could lead to immediate changes in clinical praxis for about a third of CRC patients | In total, 626 patients were randomized. After three years of follow-up, the HRs for TTR comparing aspirin to placebo were 0.49 (95% CI; 0.24-0.98; p=0.044) in Group A and 0.42 (95% CI; 0.21-0.83; p=0.013) in Group B. For DFS, the HRs were 0.61 (95% CI; 0.34-1.08; p=0.091) in Group A, and 0.51 (95% CI; 0.29-0.88; p=0.017) in Group B | ||
| https://www.nature.com/articles/s41416-023-02506-5 | 4.5 | Meta-analysis | A major strength of the case for the promotion of aspirin as a treatment of cancer lies in the consistent evidence of a reduction in the thromboembolic complications of cancer and in the consistent evidence of a reduction in metastatic cancer spread. The main weakness, however, lies in the lack of support of a reduction in deaths from trials with random allocation of aspirin. However, the suggestive evidence from observational studies, together with evidence from Mendelian randomisation powerfully favour the use of low-dose aspirin. | Finally: aspirin is inexpensive, readily available and has none of the highly aggressive side effects of some of the cancer treatments. It would therefore seem to be only fair and reasonable that knowledge of the true risk and probable benefits of the drug should be widely publicised amongst cancer patients and their carers—so that, as one oncologist has predicted: | ||
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7811183/ | 4.5 | Meta-analysis, Human study | In this cohort study of 139 896 participants from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial, aspirin use was not associated with reduced risk of breast, bladder, esophageal, gastric, pancreatic, or uterine cancers. However, it was associated with increased bladder and breast cancer survival. | We did not observe any significant associations between aspirin use and cancer incidence, although we observed a significant association between aspirin use and bladder and breast cancer survival. Although aspirin use at least 3 times/week was associated with the strongest risk reduction, any aspirin use was associated with increased bladder and breast cancer survival |  | |
| https://content.iospress.com/articles/kidney-cancer/kca180027 | 4.5 | Meta-analysis | Our analysis demonstrates that NSAIDs do not confer a survival advantage in mRCC patients | [ in the actual report, low dose aspirin gave 9% survival benefit in second line therapy phase and 19% with mTOR inhibitors e.g Everolimus] | ||
| https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7327544/https://www.roswellpark.org/newsroom/201909-taking-baby-aspirin-improves-overall-survival-patients-head-neck-lung-cancer | 4.5 | Human study - adjunct | study involving 460 patients who received chemotherapy and conventional radiation therapy as treatment for HNSCC. The team reports that taking low-dose “baby” aspirin or other NSAIDs along with their cancer treatment increased survival by 8% at five years in this group of patients. | ..showed a substantial overall-survival advantage in patients taking aspirin and undergoing SBRT for early-stage lung cancer compared to those who were not. The median overall survival was 2.4 years versus 2 years, and two-year overall survival was 57% in patients taking aspirin versus 48% in patients not taking it | ||
| https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-86521-x | 4.5 | Human study | In conclusion, aspirin may have beneficial effects in terms of BCR-free survival after RARP, even in groups with high recurrence rates, such as those with ISUP grade ≥ 4. The findings of this study provide a rationale for conducting prospective studies of the prognostic impact of low-dose aspirin in patients with PCa, particularly those at high risk of poor prognosis....Our findings suggest that COX inhibitors, such as aspirin, may be effective as adjunctive therapy for PCa after radical treatment | he effect of aspirin on the BCR rate was evaluated by analysis of BCR-free survival. After PSM and MDM, the 3-year BCR-free rate was significantly better in the aspirin group (85.0%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 80.8–89.4) than in the control group (PSM, 74.5%, 95% CI 66.5–83.5, p = 0.021; MDM, 74.7%, 95% CI 66.3–84.3, p = 0.037). In the analysis of high-risk subgroups, patients in the aspirin group with an ISUP (International Society of Urological Pathology) grade ≥ 4 had a significantly lower recurrence rate in both matched groups (PSM, hazard ratio 0.44, 95% CI 0.22–0.88; MDM, hazard ratio 0.45, 95% CI 0.23–0.90). In conclusion, this study suggests that aspirin could enhance BCR-free survival post-RARP, especially in patients with higher ISUP grades. | ||
| https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468294220301027 | 4 | Human study | There is epidemiological evidence that regular aspirin use is associated with protection against PCa development, progression, and recurrence following treatment, although the precise mechanisms underpinning each of these observations remain to be fully elucidated in pre-clinical studies using PCa models, or clinical studies including those where clinical samples are analysed. One intriguing concept is that aspirin use can prevent the establishment of distant metastases in patients who develop this malignancy, and this possibility warrants specific investigation in an RCT of patients with high-risk localised or locally advanced PCa | Taken together, these studies raise the possibility that in addition to reducing the rates of metastasis development, aspirin use may augment the tumoricidal effects of radiotherapy, however the underlying mechanisms require elucidation. It is possible that aspirin may promote tumour oxygenation, thereby increasing tumour radiosensitivity, and it may additionally influence any radiotherapy-induced tumour immune microenvironment response. The improvements seen in outcomes from these observational patient cohorts may therefore be attributed to multiple effects of aspirin use | ||
| https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8331004/ | 4 | Meta-analysis, Human study - adjunct | The concomitant use of statins during ICI treatment was correlated with improved OS and PFS. Low-dose aspirin was associated with better PFS instead of OS. No significant association was demonstrated between the concurrent use of NSAIDs, beta-blockers and metformin and OS or PFS. The concomitant use of statins and low-dose aspirin during ICI treatment showed a positive impact on treatment outcomes | The concomitant use of statins during ICI treatment was correlated with improved OS and PFS. The concurrent use of low-dose aspirin was associated with better PFS in patients treated with ICIs. The ICI regimen, cancer type and analytical model may have affected these outcomes. We found no significant association between the concurrent use of NSAIDs, beta-blockers and metformin and clinical outcomes. These findings need to be confirmed with larger and perspective studies. | ||
| https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9190187/ | 4 | Meta-analysis, Human study - adjunct | The daily use of ASA with PD-L1 inhibitors was significantly and independently associated with decreased odds of having the PD (AOR = 0.44) than PD-1 with ASA. Similarly, daily ASA use with PD-L1 inhibitors showed a trend toward achieving CR but only with a probability close to significance | However, ASA with PD-L1 showed high statistical significance as an independent variable associated with a decreased likelihood of having PD (AOR 0.44, p < 0.001). These findings suggest that NSCLC patients receiving PD-L1 inhibitors could benefit more from daily ASA than patients treated with PD-1 inhibitors. | ||
| https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8246799/ | 4 | Meta-analysis | Long-term regular use of aspirin (>15 times per month) before diagnosis was associated with lower CRC-specific mortality (multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 0.69, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.52 to 0.92). Postdiagnosis regular aspirin use was not statistically significantly associated with risk of CRC-specific mortality overall (HR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.62 to 1.09), although participants who began regular aspirin use only after their diagnosis were at lower risk than participants who did not use aspirin at both the pre- and postdiagnosis periods (HR = 0.60) | However, regular long-term aspirin use before diagnosis was associated with lower CRC-specific mortality. These findings for prediagnosis aspirin use suggest that it might reduce CRC mortality in the overall population, in part, by limiting metastatic spread of colorectal tumors before diagnosis. Our findings of a reduced odds of distant metastatic cancer at diagnosis with prolonged aspirin use supports this hypothesis. Collectively, these results point toward a novel and potentially important model through which aspirin may prevent distant metastases at the time of diagnosis with colon or rectal cancer | ||
| https://aacrjournals.org/cancerres/article-abstract/84/11/1889/745511/Regular-Use-of-Aspirin-and-Statins-Reduces-the?redirectedFrom=fulltext | 4 | Meta-analysis | Regular aspirin use showed protective effects exclusively in patients with SID, contrasting an elevated risk among their non-SID counterparts. Nonetheless, aspirin use demonstrated preventative potential only for 9 of 21 SID-associated cancer subtypes. Cholesterol emerged as another key mediator linking SIDs to cancer risk. Notably, regular statin use displayed protective properties in patients with SID but not in their non-SID counterparts. Concurrent use of aspirin and statins exhibited a stronger protective association in patients with SID, covering 14 common cancer subtypes. | Concurrent use of aspirin and statins exhibited a stronger protective association in patients with SID, covering 14 common cancer subtypes. In summary, patients with SIDs may represent a population particularly responsive to regular aspirin and statin use. Promoting either combined or individual use of these medications within the context of SIDs could offer a promising chemoprevention strategy....individuals with systemic inflammatory diseases derive chemoprotective benefits from aspirin and statins, providing a precision cancer prevention approach to address the personal and public challenges posed by cancer. | ||
| https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28189429/ | 4 | Human study - adjunct | Current and past regular aspirin was associated with a lower risk of lethal PC (current: HR 0.68; past: HR 0.54) compared to never users. In the survival analysis, 407/3277 men diagnosed with nonlethal PC developed lethal disease by 2015. Current postdiagnostic aspirin was associated with lower risks of lethal PC (HR 0.68) and overall mortality (HR 0.72 | In this prospective study of 22 071 physicians, regular prediagnostic aspirin use was associated with a lower risk of lethal PC among all participants. Postdiagnostic use was associated with improved survival after diagnosis. Aspirin may inhibit PC progression, prolonging PC-specific and overall survival. However, associations did not hold throughout all sensitivity analyses | ||
| https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1365182X20311837 | 5 | Human study | The concomitant use of sorafenib and aspirin was associated with a median OS of 18.3 months compared to 8.8 months of patients who did not receive aspirin (HR 0.57). The concomitant use of sorafenib and aspirin was associated with a median PFS of 7.3 months compared to 3.0 months of patients who did not receive aspirin (HR 0.61; P = 0.0003). In the multivariate analysis, the use of aspirin maintained an independent prognostic value for OS(HR 0.61; P = 0.0013). In second line the concomitant use of regorafenib and aspirin was associated with a median OS of 16.9 months compared to 8.0 months of patients who did not receive aspirin (HR 0.30) | Our results highlight that aspirin may play a role not only in preventing hepatocarcinogenesis but also in increasing the outcome of advanced HCC patients receiving sorafenib. Studies in this field of research are lacking in literature. Biological reasons behind these results are unknown, but aspirin appears to be able to inhibit the expression of COX-1 at the platelet level | ||
| https://ejbc.kr/DOIx.php?id=10.4048/jbc.2023.26.e3 | 4.5 | There was also a significant difference in OS according to ASA use . In the ASA group, there was only one death (7.1%), as opposed to 21 deaths in the control group (46.7%). A significant reduction in the 5-year OS rate was observed in the ASA group (92% in the ASA group vs. 51% in the control group, p = 0.01). For OS on univariate analysis, higher pN stage (p = 0.011) and the presence of clinically positive lymph nodes on biopsy (were significantly associated with worse outcomes, whereas ASA use was associated with improved OS | In this study, we examined a very high-risk BC population, specifically those with a diagnosis of IBC. Our data showed that ASA use was associated with a reduction in distant metastasis and was further associated with improvements in OS in a BC population at a higher risk of distant metastases. Given the improvements seen in the 5-year distant metastasis rate in the ASA group, our findings offer further support for considering future studies of antiplatelet therapy, specifically ASA, as an adjunctive therapy for IBC. | |||
| https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8607685/ | 4 | Meta-analysis | The Cox proportional hazard model with the time-dependent covariate showed that aspirin use was associated with a significantly longer OS (HR: 0.83)....survival benefit of aspirin use remained significant when the subgroup analysis was repeated by propensity score matching except for those who experienced ischemic cerebrovascular accidents (HR: 0.76), and those without hypertension (HR: 0.92). | Notably, the anti-neoplastic effect of aspirin was mediated through its inhibition of COX enzymes that promote carcinogeneis through the synthesis of PG. [44] Apart from inhibiting the synthesis of PG, aspirin has also been shown to upregulate tumor-suppression genes and inhibit NF-kB activation, thus illustrating its anticancer activities in a COX independent pathway [45, 46]. On the other hand, mounting preclinical evidence suggests that aspirin may exhibit anti-neoplastic effects by inducing apoptosis , suppressing angiogenesis , and inhibiting the proliferation of tumor cells. |  | |
| https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33741292/ | 4 | Meta-analysis | This meta-analysis suggested that aspirin may reduce the overall risk of breast cancer, reduce the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women, hormone receptor-positive tumors, and in situ breast cancer | Aspirin use decreased the risk of hormone receptor-positive tumors (estrogen receptor [ER]-positive RR, 0.89; progesterone receptor [PR]-positive RR, 0.86; ER- and PR-positive RR, 0.92) and reduced the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women (RR, 0.92;) | ||
| https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366579991_The_Association_Between_Aspirin_and_Basal_Cell_Carcinoma_A_Clinical_and_Financial_Analysis | 4 | Meta-analysis | While the high incidence and cost of treatment of BCC are demanding both clinically and financially, the low cost of aspirin and its widespread use may have vital implications for its preventa-tive role in this disease. This study concluded that aspirin use was associated with a significantly decreased risk of BCC | In the matched analysis, the use of aspirin was associated with an even further decreased risk of BCC. Aspirin use was associated with a decreased incidence of BCC in un-matched (OR = 0.658) and matched (OR = 0.54) analyses. Aspirin was also associated with a decreased BCC risk when stratified by hy-pertension , COPD , diabetes and tobacco use | ||
| https://ejbc.kr/DOIx.php?id=10.4048%2Fjbc.2023.26.e3 | 4 | Meta-analysis | There was also a significant difference in OS according to ASA use (Figure 1). In the ASA group, there was only one death (7.1%), as opposed to 21 deaths in the control group (46.7%). A significant reduction in the 5-year OS rate was observed in the ASA group (92% in the ASA group vs. 51% in the control group, p = 0.01). For OS on univariate analysis, higher pN stage (p = 0.011) and the presence of clinically positive lymph nodes on biopsy (p = 0.011) were significantly associated with worse outcomes, whereas ASA use (p = 0.027) was associated with improved OS. | In this study, we examined a very high-risk BC population, specifically those with a diagnosis of IBC. Our data showed that ASA use was associated with a reduction in distant metastasis and was further associated with improvements in OS in a BC population at a higher risk of distant metastases. Given the improvements seen in the 5-year distant metastasis rate in the ASA group, our findings offer further support for considering future studies of antiplatelet therapy, specifically ASA, as an adjunctive therapy for IBC. | ||
| https://www.wjon.org/index.php/WJON/article/view/1601 | 4 | Meta-analysis | Patients with ASA use had lower incidence of sepsis (2.76% vs. 3.54%), shock (4.86% vs. 8.23%), AKI (30.9% vs. 33.4%), ICU admission (3.88% vs. 7.4%) and in-hospital mortality (5.18% vs. 9.87%). After adjusting for confounding factors, ASA use was associated with a 30% lower risk of in-hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 0.70, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.60 - 0.82, P < 0.001). ASA users also had 21% lower odds of developing shock (aOR: 0.79) and 31% lower odds of requiring ICU admission (aOR: 0.69) | Our study also showed that aspirin users had lower incidence in rate of hepatic decompensation, such as hepatic encephalopathy, ascites, varices, SBP, and HRS. This finding is interesting as the association between aspirin use and rates of decompensation has not been studied previously. Imbalance in arachidonic acid metabolite levels like thromboxane and prostaglandins has been implicated in the pathogenesis of HRS, which can explain the beneficial effects of aspirin in HRS | ||
| https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0152402 | 4 | Meta-analysis | Reductions in mortality are shown in colon cancer, probably in prostate cancer and possibly in breast and individual studies of several other cancers also suggest benefit. Aspirin benefit in colorectal cancers, and possible other cancers, may be restricted to patients with tumours expressing certain genetic mutations. However, other benefits of low-dose aspirin, including reductions in metastatic spread and in vascular events, including venous thromboembolism appear to be independent of these biomarkers, and so information on aspirin should be given to patients whatever the state of the possible biomarkers | All this suggests that the reduction by aspirin may be restricted to patients whose tumours show mutation in PIK3CA, HLA class I antigen, or show COX-2 over-expression. In colorectal cancer these subgroups represent approximately 17%, 54% and 50% of all patients, and our data suggest a reduction of about 50% in colorectal mortality, though another overview [67] suggested a reduction of only about 30%, while neither overview showed any reduction in those without the mutation. The scarcity of evidence on mutation in cancers other than colon is most unfortunate [69]. And yet any selection of patients for treatment with aspirin on the basis of a mutation or any other marker of cancer risk would be totally unwarranted on present evidence. Metastases are a major source of pain and other undesirable effects in solid cancers | ||
| https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2147/JHC.S435524 | 4 | Human study - adjunct | he median OS of patients in the aspirin group was 76.7 months and that in the non-aspirin group was 53.5 months. In patients with non-viral HCC, OS was significantly better for the aspirin group after ablation. The PFS of patients who underwent ablation alone in the aspirin group was obviously superior to that of patients in the non-aspirin group | Low-dose aspirin use was associated with better OS in patients with non-viral HCC after thermal ablation. In patients who received thermal ablation alone, the administration of low-dose aspirin could improve PFS. Aspirin use might be a protective factor in some patients after ablation. | ||
| https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7541466/ | 3.5 | Meta-analysis | This study provides preliminary population-based evidence that aspirin and statin use may influence certain immune cells within the prostate of men without indication for biopsy. Additional research utilizing increasingly precise methodologies is needed to confirm these observational findings and further interrogate the hypothesis that aspirin and statin use may influence advanced/fatal prostate cancer risk via immune modulation | Prevalence and extent of inflammation were not associated with medication use. However, aspirin users were more likely to have low FoxP3, a T regulatory cell marker (OR: 5.60, 95% CI: 1.16–27.07), and statin users were more likely to have low CD68, a macrophage marker (OR: 1.63, 95% CI: 0.81–3.27). If confirmed, these results suggest that these medications may alter the immune milieu of the prostate, which could potentially mediate effects of these medications on advanced/fatal prostate cancer risk. | ||
| https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27503490/ | 3.5 | Our study indicates that long-term, consistent low-dose aspirin use may provide modest protection against prostate cancer. | Use of low-dose aspirin was associated with an OR for prostate cancer of 0.94 (95 % CI 0.91–0.97). Slightly lower ORs were seen with increasing cumulative amount, duration, and consistency of low-dose aspirin use | |||
| https://breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13058-024-01780-2 | 3.5 | Human study - adjunct | After correction for false discovery rate, 20 of the 92 inflammatory proteins were significantly decreased in breast tissue after ASA treatment, whereas no systemic effects were detected. In the no-treatment group, protein levels were unaffected. Breast density, measured by LTF on MRI, were unaffected in both groups. ASA significantly decreased the perfusion rate. The perfusion rate correlated positively with local breast tissue concentration of VEGF. | ASA may shape the local breast tissue microenvironment into an anti-tumorigenic state. Trials investigating the effects of low-dose ASA and risk of primary breast cancer among postmenopausal women with maintained high mammographic density are warranted | ||
| https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34809588/ | 3.5 | Meta-analysis | A total of 4979 patients used aspirin at the time of diagnosis of NSCLC. The median overall survival (OS) of the aspirin users was 1.73 (interquartile range, 0.94–3.53) years compared with the 1.30 (interquartile range, 0.69–2.62) years of the non-aspirin users. The Cox proportional hazard model with the time-dependent covariate revealed that aspirin use was associated with a significantly longer OS | In this retrospective, nationwide, population-based cohort study, we observed that aspirin use was associated with a longer OS in patients with inoperable NSCLC. This finding offered further evidence of the potential anti-tumorigenic effects of aspirin. | ||
| https://academic.oup.com/jnci/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/jnci/djad231/7421918?redirectedFrom=fulltext | 3.5 | Meta-analysis | consistent high-dose aspirin use was associated with reduced hazard ratios for cancer overall (HR = 0.89),..long-term (≥5 or ≥10 years) use was associated with at least 10% reductions in hazard ratios for several cancer sites: colon, rectum, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine, head and neck, brain tumors, meningioma, melanoma, thyroid, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and leukemia. | Substantially elevated hazard ratios were found for lung and bladder cancer | ||
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4496413/ | 1 | Lab study, Lab study- adjunct , Human study | Aspirin significantly induced apoptosis and reduced the viability, self-renewal potential, and expression of proteins involved in inflammation and stem cell signaling. Aspirin also reduced the growth and invasion of tumors in vivo, and it significantly prolonged the survival of mice with orthotopic pancreatic xenografts in combination with gemcitabine. This was associated with a decreased expression of markers for progression, inflammation and desmoplasia. These findings were confirmed in tissue samples obtained from patients who had or had not taken aspirin before surgery. Importantly, aspirin sensitized cells that were resistant to gemcitabine and thereby enhanced the therapeutic efficacy | One major problem with PDA is the associated presence of extremely dense tumor stroma, which prevents the perfusion of therapeutics by chemo- and immunotherapy and may form a preventive niche for the highly aggressive CSC population [2]. Inflammation is known to drive this desmoplastic reaction, and enhanced activity of the pro-inflammatory signaling factor NF-κB contributes to the protection of pancreatic CSCs [3–6, 11]. Our current study demonstrated that aspirin inhibited CSC features, and this effect involved the inhibition of inflammatory activity, self-renewal potential, stem cell marker expression, tumor growth, metastasis and the stromal reaction. |  | |
| https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1759-7714.13619 | 1 | Lab study, Lab study- adjunct | Cancer stem cells promote the metastatic and invasive ability.37 Aspirin reduces invasion of tumors in orthotopic mice xenografts when combines with gemcitabine38 and inhibites the formation of metastatic intravascular niches thus decreasing the number of metastatic lung nodules in experimental mice model.12 Our results are similar though we found no distant organ metastasis | SMAD4 downregulates HIF-1α expression to improve hypoxia whose inactivation promotes malignancy and drug resistance,31 and TGF-βR2 has a similar effect.32 This study demonstrated that aspirin and aspirin with cisplatin suppressed H460R cells. We tested apoptosis proteins such as Mcl-1, Bax, PUMA and capase-3 to follow the same trend as that reported in previous studies,27, 28 and determined that aspirin and aspirin with cisplatin could relieve the apoptosis decrease in lung cancer cisplatin resistant cells | 50 | |
| https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0023683722023157# | 1 | Lab study | ASA regulates other pathophysiological events in breast carcinogenesis, such as reprogramming the mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) and delaying in vitro migration in BC cells. The tumor growth-inhibitory and reprogramming roles of ASA could be mediated through inhibition of TGF-β/SMAD4 signaling pathway that is associated with growth, motility, invasion, and metastasis in advanced BCs. Collectively, ASA has a therapeutic or preventive potential by attacking possible target such as TGF-β in breast carcinogenesis. | Our studies, using in vitro and in vivo tumor xenograft models, show a strong beneficial effect of ASA in the prevention of breast carcinogenesis. We find that ASA not only prevents breast tumor cell growth in vitro and tumor growth in nude mice xenograft model through the induction of apoptosis, but also significantly reduces the self-renewal capacity and growth of breast tumor-initiating cells (BTICs)/breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) and delays the formation of a palpable tumo |  | |
| https://www.nature.com/articles/s41416-021-01499-3 | 1 | Lab study, Lab study- adjunct | ..our study demonstrated the inhibition of pCSCs by ASA in ESCC, which led to the abrogation of the chemoresistance and carcinogenesis of ESCC. Given the lack of effective and specific drugs targeting CSCs of ESCC at present, ASA, a most common and widely used drug, would be a promising prospect for clinical translation in the treatment and prevention of ESCC. | ASA inhibits the CSC properties and enhances cisplatin treatment in human ESCC cells. ATAC-seq indicates that ASA treatment results in remarkable epigenetic alterations on chromatin in ESCC cells, especially their pCSCs, through the modification of histone acetylation levels. The epigenetic changes activate Bim expression and promote cell death in CSCs of ESCC. Furthermore, ASA prevents the carcinogenesis of NMBzA-induced ESCC in the rat model. | ||
| https://stemcellres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13287-020-01884-4 | 1 | Lab study | In conclusion, we disclosed that aspirin diminishes cancer cell stemness properties in vitro. We reported that aspirin inhibits tumor growth and metastasis and prolongs survival in vivo. We proved that aspirin inhibited inflammation-related stemness gene expression....We demonstrated that aspirin reduced histone demethylase (KDM6A/B) expression to mediate histone 3 methylation to suppress gene expression via a COX-independent manner | Moreover, aspirin mediates histone methylation which causes an inhibition of inflammation-related stemness gene transcription which further suppresses cancer stemness. Our findings identify novel targets of aspirin that may explain the anti-cancer properties of aspirin and may lead to new therapeutic strategies. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that aspirin diminishes cancer cell stemness properties and cancer progression in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, aspirin inhibits inflammation-related stemness gene expression especially ICAM3 that we screened by high throughput siRNA platform. |  | |
| https://aacrjournals.org/cancerres/article/76/7/2000/616044/Aspirin-Suppresses-the-Acquisition-of | 1 | We provide evidence that aspirin-mediated inhibition of NFκB–IL6 inflammatory signaling in preexisting CSC meets the criteria for the development of potential treatment strategies by sensitizing preexisting CSCs in one hand and inhibiting NSCC-to-CSC conversion on the other. Moreover, controlling chemoresistance of CSCs and the generation of new CSCs during chemotherapy treatment may ultimately improve curability and allow deescalation of currently given chemotherapeutic dose, thereby reducing acute and long-term adverse effects. Therefore, cotreatment of aspirin and chemotherapeutic regimen can be a potentially safe and attractive treatment strategy to tackle cancer in a multipronged approach, targeting both CSC and NSCC populations. | aspirin treatment prevented tumor growth in nude mice xenograft model by reducing the self-renewal capacity and growth of breast CSCs but failed to induce apoptosis by itself even in inherently resistant CSCs at physiologically achievable dose (37). Taken together, our study thus provides a scientific rationale for combining aspirin with standard chemotherapy for successful targeting of both CSC and NSCC pool to restrain the acquisition of aggressive phenotype by breast cancer cells during the course of chemotherapy. These data corroborated previous clinical studies with breast cancer patients, in which a link between aspirin use and lower incidences of cancer initiation, recurrence, and metastasis, the three attributes associated with CSCs, has been foun | |||
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10501897/ | 1 | Lab study | Importantly, as aspirin treatment exposes metabolic vulnerabilities in tumour cells, there is an opportunity for the use of aspirin in combination with specific metabolic inhibitors in particular, glutaminase (GLS) inhibitors currently in clinical trials such as telaglenastat (CB-839) and IACS-6274 for the treatment of colorectal and potentially other cancers. The increasing evidence that aspirin impacts metabolism in cancer cells suggests that aspirin could provide a simple, relatively safe, and cost-effective way to target this important hallmark of cancer. Excitingly, this review highlights a potential new role for aspirin in improving the efficacy of a new generation of metabolic inhibitors currently undergoing clinical investigation | Although specific metabolic inhibitors have gained momentum for cancer therapy, their use has often proved ineffective due to the metabolic plasticity of cancer cells. Cellular metabolic reprogramming has been identified as a key mechanism of action of aspirin and includes the regulation of key metabolic drivers, glycolytic and glutaminolysis enzymes, and altered nutrient utilisation upon aspirin exposure. The targeting of metabolic plasticity by aspirin exposes metabolic vulnerabilities and provides an exciting opportunity for the use of aspirin in combination with specific metabolic inhibitors | ||
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10027662/ | 1 | Meta-analysis | Aspirin combined with rosuvastatin was more effective in the prevention of individual CVD, including congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, angina pectoris and heart attack, than aspirin combined with other statins. In conclusion, statins combined with aspirin have a clear advantage over aspirin alone in preventing CVD. In addition, when various sex, age, and fitness levels were considered, as well as with and without diabetes mellitus, the combination usage of aspirin and rosuvastatin had the greatest CVD preventive effects than aspirin coupled with other statins. | Researchers have constructed several clinical trials to evaluate whether the combination use of aspirin and statins could be beneficial for patients. Athyros et al. found that comparing with statins or aspirin used alone, combination usage of aspirin and statin significantly reduced the CVD events in dyslipidaemic patients21. A Korean national cohort study22 evaluating the efficacy of aspirin and statins in primary prevention of cardiovascular mortality showed that the combination use of aspirin and statins could benefit the participants. |
A 2024 meta-analysis of UK cancer incidence looks at risks of aspirin and statin use in those with and those without systemic inflammatory diseases (SID). Meaning chronic inflammation linked to one or more metabolic, cardiovascular, auto-immune and neurodegenerative inflammatory disease types. Cardiovascular diseases, diabetes,rheumatoid arthritis, IBS and ulcerative colitis, psoriasis and many more. These conditions in themselves are known to increase cancer risk. In this study about 1/3 have one or more SID.
For the group with one or more SID, a significant 20% or more risk reduction in 8 of the most common cancers was found. Breast, colorectal, kidney, pancreatic, ovarian, esophageal, glioma (brain) and multiple myeloma. Used in combination with statins, risks were further reduced in breast, kidney, multiple myeloma and especially ovarian cancers. For the combination, bladder cancer also showed significance while lymphoma, leukemia but most of all liver cancers saw very strong risk reductions up to 35%.
In the patients with no prior systemic inflammatory disease, there was no significant effect of low dose aspirin in overall cancer incidence . However there were tendencies to increase risk in prostate, gastric and kidney cancers as well as more significant risk in multiple myelomas and the rare biliary duct cancer. So, whilst both ovarian and liver cancer still showed reduced risk in otherwise healthy individuals , this gives some concerns to use of low dose aspirin as preventative – especially for men.
In conclusion : for the growing number of adults with systemic inflammatory disease combining low dose aspirin with a statin will significantly improve outcomes for at least 14 of the most common cancers.
National scale danish analysis of low dose aspirin can cancer risk published in 2024 finds many cancers have reduced incidence. Long-term (≥5 or ≥10 years) use was associated with at least 10% reductions in hazard ratios for several cancer sites: colorectal, esophagus, gastric, liver, pancreas, small intestine, head and neck, glioblasoma (brain), meningioma, melanoma, thyroid, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and leukemia.
However the study points out association to increased risks in lung and bladder cancer. Its unclear how this would ie in with the study in tab 1 where systemic inflammatory disease is associated with the benefits of low dose aspirin but not otherwise healthy groups. Either way, that larger study shows no increased risk for lung or bladder cancers, but points to other cancer risks for otherwise healthy individuals that made up most , about 2/3 , of that population. On balance, these two recent studies combined show the overall probability that systemic inflammation is a driver, and otherwise healthy individuals should be aware of some, admittedly low, risk for increased risk in a few cases.
The large scale Cancer Prevention Study shows long term regular use of aspirin >15 times per month reduces mortality from colorectal cancer over 30% Results showed clear preventative action pre-diagnosis, and for continued use post-diagnosis the benefits are described as being due to reduce of micro-metastases For post-diagnostic intervention use this particular analysis showed large improvements in relative overall survival (Hazard Ratio 0.60) for non metastatic colorectal cancer. But no effects for those with more advanced disease. Clinical studies have differed in their findings on this point. This study joins others in showing preventative value in CRC.
A large scale 2021 meta analysis of aspirin in clinical trials across many cancers concludes with a 20% relative reduction in risk overall. From 36 analyzed trials, statistically significant lowered risk levels in colorectal (28%), breast cancer (16%) and prostate (11%). The “other” trials show less statistical certainty in improved relative progession risk but make fascinating reading: lung 12%, liver 40% ovarian 33%, bladder 36%, glioma 29%, melanoma 42%, Head and Neck and leukemia over 60%.
The researches give examples illustrating how, for instance, several years of additional survial time can be seen in colorectal cancer. The report also shows at least a 35% reduction in metastatic spread, some of the data indiates very substantial relative survival increases. If these figures are confirmed by ongoing and future clinical trials, low dose aspirin added to a first line of chemotherapy or TKI will provide similar or higher reductions in risk than second line onolcogy drugs in many cases.
A 2018 collected analysis of multiple large research studies into lower progression amongst aspirin users shows compelling data. 14 research papers on breast cancer outcomes were averaged to show a hazard ratio of 0.69 , so more than a 30% lowered relative risk level. There is also similar data for colorectal cancers. In prostate cancer effects appear more limited in this research but still clinically significant, even conservatively a 20% relative effect. Perhaps most striking of all, the reduction in metastatic cancer spread presented here shows large effects of low dose aspirin indicating anything from 1 to 3 or 4X lower relative rates of spread.
Results here are stand aspirin in the same league as new and emerging oncology drugs, for many cancer types and patients.
A large scale 2021 meta-analysis analyzing potential survival increases from semi-regular aspirin use. The data did not show effects in all cancers studied, but had significant risk reductions in progression rate for both breast cancers and bladder cancers. The data for breast cancer survival a reported Hazard Ratio of 0.75 indicates typical risk reduction rates of a quarter over time. And data showed higher relative survival times for bladder cancers. If correct, this analysis again shows benefits of low doses of aspirin that exceed many of even the most recently trialed oncology drugs.
Many studies in case histories report lower metastatic activity in patients using aspirin, some are included in the references here and also below . New research shows aspirin counteracting platelet-derived thromboxane which increases T-cell immune reponse to tumor cells, effectively preventing cancer cells from evading immune detection. Aspirin reduces platelet activation, aggregation and adhesion.
| Summary | Source |
|---|---|
| A 2017 lab study reporting aspirin rapidly reduces the number/activity of circulating platelets via so called COX-1. And some suggestion Vazalore formula is a valuable delivery vehicle. | LINK |
| Recent study in Nature reports how aspirin increases immune responses to cancer activity by counteracting platelet-derived thromboxane (clumping/clotting) allowing immune system activity against otherwise "cloaked" cancer cells | LINK |
| Large scale analysis of aspirin user outcomes indicate around a third lower rates of metastasis. This study reports the major benefits are in adenocarcinomas, which would include most breast, prostate and digestive system cancer and more | LINK |
| Swedish national patient records study reports a 20-30% reduced risk of metastatic spread in colorectal, lung and breast with somewhat lower reduction in prostate cancer cases. Largest benefits in adenocarcinomas | LINK |
| Case data in pancreatic cancer did not show reduced overall risk with use of aspirin here. But it does report less than half the risk metastatic spread, increasing likelihood of surgical resection options for treatment. | LINK |
| Substantial consolidation across may aspirin specific research publications concludes with a relative risk reduction for metastatic spread of 23%. Again, effects vary depending on both cancer type and subtype , even genetic variations | LINK |
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